Bing Bests Baidu Censorship

Abstract

Independent research from Xia Chu has shown that, in addition to non-China content, Bing censors a vast amount of content that is hosted inside China and which is not censored by China-based internet companies like Baidu. After communicating our issues with Microsoft, Bing removed certain censorship rules (kudos to Bing), but much work remains to be done.

We recently called for Microsoft to release its transparency report for Bing (as have others - full disclosure, Rebecca sits on our advisory board).  Microsoft has yet to respond to this request. But Xia’s independent research of Bing’s China censorship policy could be regarded as a de facto transparency report for the search engine.

In this thorough study, the results of which we have verified, Xia examined Bing's SERP (search engine results page) for over 30,000 sensitive and nonsensitive query terms, and launched these queries from both inside and outside of China. Comparing and examining these results, plus querying with special search operators, reveals unprecedented detail on Bing's China filtering practices.

The main findings from Xia’s research include:

  • Bing has a list of “forbidden” terms where no results are shown. 139 such terms have been identified.

  • Bing has a blacklist of websites that it never shows to China users. 329 such websites are identified. (5 have been lifted after our communication with Microsoft.)

  • Bing has a huge blacklist of URLs that it never shows to China users. 1593 URLs are identified in this study, which is only the tip of the iceberg.

In particular, we’d like to point out two important issues:

  • Bing's filtering is very broad. For example, Bing blocks all results from five foreign language editions of Wikipedia: Japanese, French, German, Dutch and Swedish. Many URLs on the New York Times website are censored, both for sensitive topics such as Zhou Yongkang and Tibet but also for non-sensitive pages about real estate and sports. (Note, these five Wikipedia sites are no longer censored after we approached Microsoft about this issue.)

ja.wiki.png

Note: even though the censorship notice says “部分结果” (meaning “some results”), the SERP is actually empty and shows no results.

Below are screenshots from Bing and Baidu for the site heweifang2009.blog.163.com, which belongs to Professor He Weifang, a prominent pro-democracy legal scholar at Peking University. His blog is not censored by the domestic blogging site blog.163.com, which is operated by NetEase, a major Chinese internet company. This website is not censored by Baidu either, but is being censored entirely by Bing in China.

Note: even though Bing’s censorship notice says “部分搜索结果未予显示” (meaning “some parts of search results are not shown”), the SERP is actually empty and shows no results.

hwf.png

 

Based on Xia’s findings, our conclusion is that Bing has not lived up to their promise of "support for freedom of access to information". For example, removing five foreign language editions of Wikipedia, does not support Bing's earlier claim: "if we are required to implement (a censorship) request, we will do so narrowly". Also, the fact that Bing filters vast amounts of content that is hosted in China, and significantly more than Baidu does, is saddening and inexcusable.

Before we published this post, GreatFire contacted Microsoft. In particular, GreatFire raised the issue that Bing censors domestic content which is not being censored by Baidu, and also raised the filtering of the five Wikipedia sites. Microsoft replied:

Generally, it is Bing’s policy is to remove results as narrowly as possible to comply with Chinese law. Bing regularly reviews removed results and our related processes to ensure that prior removals due to legal compliance are still valid.  We will actively resolve any issues we identify that do not comply with our policies, including issues that match the scenarios you described.  We appreciate work done by Greatfire, Xia, and others. Such feedback enables us to review and validate our own processes. We commit to addressing these issues comprehensively and expeditiously.

To our delight, Bing has lifted the ban on the five Wikipedia sites in China. This demonstrates that when filtering rules are revealed (as with a third-party Transparency Report), corporations pay attention to these issues more seriously and take corrective measures.

However, Microsoft still has not taken our message seriously enough. Out of the 329 site-level filtering rules, Microsoft only removed these five. All of the other filtering rules remain effective as of time this post was published, including broad censorship and heavy-handed censorship of domestic content.

We make the following requests to Microsoft:

  • Explain why Bing censors so much content, including domestic content that is not even censored by China-based web properties like Baidu.

  • Follow your action regarding the five Wikipedia sites by examining and removing other inappropriate filtering rules for users in China.

  • Audit the actual procedure and handling of censorship in China, to verify that all government requests are scrutinized by proper personnel and to share the results of this audit. In particular, please disclose the internal processes and approval mechanisms that are in place when Microsoft receives a request to censor domestic content. Also, please conduct and publicize a post-mortem investigation as to why the entire Japanese, French, German, Dutch and Swedish Wikipedia sites were censored in the first place.

  • Not attempt to hide censorship details, e.g. by altering censorship notices, altering how search operators like “site:” and “url:” work, or tweaking ranking algorithms.

The full Bing censorship rules identified and linked to from the research paper can be found on the master spreadsheet. Below is a summary of filtering rules Bing implements in China for domestic content. Only rules identified in this study have been counted although we believe the actual rule counts are much higher.

Domain

# Filtering Rules

Comment

blog.163.com

43

NetEase blog

360doc.com

19

a file storage and sharing service

56.com

2

a video hosting site

baike.baidu.com

31

Baidu baike (a Wikipedia knock-off)

hi.baidu.com

2

Baidu blog

tieba.baidu.com

5

Baidu discussion forum

wenku.baidu.com

5

Baidu library

zhidao.baidu.com

7

Baidu question/answer service

douban.com

29

Douban, a review site

ifeng.com

17

a major portal site

qq.com

19

a major portal/personal blogging site

blog.sina.com.cn

26

Sina blog, China's biggest blogging site

baike.soso.com

10

Soso Baike (a Wikipedia knock-off)

bbs.tianya.cn

5

Tianya bbs, a major forum site

tudou.com

4

Tudou, a video hosting site

youku.com

12

Youku, a video hosting site

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Thu, Aug 10, 2023

1.4 million people used FreeBrowser to circumvent the Great Firewall of Turkmenistan

Since 2021, the authorities in Turkmenistan have taken exceptional measures to crack down on the use of circumvention tools. Citizens have been forced to swear on the Koran that they will not use a VPN. Circumvention tool websites have been systematically blocked. Arbitrary searches of mobile devices have also taken place and have even targeted school children and teachers.

The government has also blocked servers hosting VPNs which led to “near complete” internet shutdowns on several occasions in 2022. Current reports indicate that 66 hosting providers, 19 social networks and messaging platforms, and 10 leading content delivery networks (CDNs), are blocked in the country. The government presumably is unconcerned about the negative economic impact that such shutdowns can cause.

Fri, Mar 18, 2022

Well-intentioned decisions have just made it easier for Putin to control the Russian Internet

This article is in large part inspired by a recent article from Meduza (in Russian).

Since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, Russian users have had problems accessing government websites and online banking clients. Browsers began to mark these sites as unsafe and drop the connection. The reason is the revocation of digital security certificates by foreign certificate authorities (either as a direct consequence of sanctions or as an independent, good will move); without them, browsers do not trust sites and “protect” their users from them.

However, these actions, caused - or at least triggered by - a desire to punish Russia for their gruesome actions in Ukraine, will have long-lasting consequences for Russian netizens.

Digital certificates are needed to confirm that the site the user wants to visit is not fraudulent. The certificates contain encryption keys to establish a secure connection between the site and the user. It is very easy to understand whether a page on the Internet is protected by a certificate. One need just look at the address bar of the browser. If the address begins with the https:// prefix, and there is a lock symbol next to the address, the page is protected. By clicking on this lock, you can see the status of the connection, the name of the Certification Authority (CA) that issued the certificate, and its validity period.

There are several dozen commercial and non-commercial organizations in the world that have digital root certificates, but 3/4 of all certificates are issued by only five of the largest companies. Four of them are registered in the USA and one is registered in Belgium.

Mon, Aug 03, 2020

Announcing the Release of GreatFire AppMaker

GreatFire (https://en.greatfire.org/), a China-focused censorship monitoring organization, is proud to announce that we have developed and released a new anti-censorship tool that will enable any blocked media outlet, blogger, human rights group, or civil society organization to evade censors and get their content onto the phones of millions of readers and supporters in China and other countries that censor the Internet.

GreatFire has built an Android mobile app creator, called “GreatFire AppMaker”, that can be used by organizations to unblock their content for users in China and other countries. Organizations can visit a website (https://appmaker.greatfire.org/) which will compile an app that is branded with the organization’s own logo and will feature their own, formerly blocked content. The app will also contain a special, censorship-circumventing web browser so that users can access the uncensored World Wide Web. The apps will use multiple strategies, including machine learning, to evade advanced censorship tactics employed by the Chinese authorities.  This project will work equally well in other countries that have China-like censorship restrictions. For both organizations and end users, the apps will be free, fast, and extremely easy to use.

This project was inspired by China-based GreatFire’s first-hand experience with our own FreeBrowser app (https://freebrowser.org/en) and desire to help small NGOs who may not have the in-house expertise to circumvent Chinese censorship. GreatFire’s anti-censorship tools have worked in China when others do not. FreeBrowser directs Chinese internet users to normally censored stories from the app’s start page (http://manyvoices.news/).

Fri, Jul 24, 2020

Apple, anticompetition, and censorship

On July 20, 2020, GreatFire wrote to all 13 members of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, requesting a thorough examination into Apple’s practice of censorship of its App Store, and an investigation into how the company collaborates with the Chinese authorities to maintain its unique position as one of the few foreign tech companies operating profitably in the Chinese digital market.  

This letter was sent a week before Apple CEO TIm Cook will be called for questioning in front of the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law. The CEOs of Amazon, Google and Facebook will also be questioned on July 27, as part of the Committee’s ongoing investigation into competition in the digital marketplace.

This hearing offers an opportunity to detail to the Subcommittee how Apple uses its closed operating ecosystem to not only abuse its market position but also to deprive certain users, most notably those in China, of their right to download and use apps related to privacy, secure communication, and censorship circumvention.

We hope that U.S. House representatives agree with our view that Apple should not be allowed to do elsewhere what would be considered as unacceptable in the U.S. Chinese citizens are not second class citizens. Private companies such as Apple compromise themselves and their self-proclaimed values of freedom and privacy when they collaborate with the Chinese government and its censors.

Mon, Jun 10, 2019

Apple Censoring Tibetan Information in China

Apple has a long history of censorship when it comes to information about Tibet. In 2009, it was revealed that several apps related to the Dalai Lama were not available in the China App Store. The developers of these apps were not notified that their apps were removed. When confronted with these instances of censorship, an Apple spokesperson simply said that the company “continues to comply with local laws”.

In December, 2017, at a conference in China, when asked about working with the Chinese authorities to censor the Apple App Store, Tim Cook proclaimed:

"Your choice is: do you participate, or do you stand on the sideline and yell at how things should be. And my own view very strongly is you show up and you participate, you get in the arena because nothing ever changes from the sideline."

In the ten years since Apple was first criticized for working with the Chinese authorities to silence already marginalized voices, what has changed? Apple continues to strictly follow the censorship orders of the Chinese authorities. When does Tim Cook expect that his company will help to bring about positive change in China?

Based on data generated from https://applecensorship.com, Apple has now censored 29 popular Tibetan mobile applications in the China App Store. Tibetan-themed apps dealing with news, religious study, tourism, and even games are being censored by Apple. A full list of the censored apps appear below.

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{You made|You've made|You have made} some {decent|good|really good} points there.

I {looked|checked} {on the internet|on the web|on the net} {for more info|for more
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found {most individuals|most people} will go along with your views on {this website|this site|this web site}.|
{Hi|Hello|Hi there|What's up}, I {log on to|check|read} your {new stuff|blogs|blog} {regularly|like every week|daily|on a regular
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I {simply|just} {could not|couldn't} {leave|depart|go away} your {site|web site|website} {prior to|before} suggesting that
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{in order to|to} {check up on|check out|inspect|investigate cross-check}
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{I wanted|I needed|I want to|I need to} to thank you for this {great|excellent|fantastic|wonderful|good|very good} read!!

I {definitely|certainly|absolutely} {enjoyed|loved} every {little bit
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post}. It was {inspiring|funny|practical|helpful}. Keep on posting!|
{Hi there|Hello}, I enjoy reading {all of|through} your {article|post|article post}.
I {like|wanted} to write a little comment to support
you.|
I {always|constantly|every time} spent my half
an hour to read this {blog|weblog|webpage|website|web site}'s {articles|posts|articles or reviews|content} {everyday|daily|every day|all the time} along with a {cup|mug} of coffee.|
I {always|for all time|all the time|constantly|every time} emailed this {blog|weblog|webpage|website|web site}
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{then|after that|next|afterward} my {friends|links|contacts} will too.|
My {coder|programmer|developer} is trying to {persuade|convince}
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I've been using {Movable-type|WordPress} on {a number of|a variety
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{Hello|Hi|Hello there|Hi there|Howdy|Good day}! I could have sworn I've {been to|visited} {this blog|this web site|this website|this site|your blog} before but after {browsing through|going through|looking at} {some of the|a few of the|many of the} {posts|articles}
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{frequently|regularly|often}!|
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I hope to give something back and {help|aid} others like you {helped|aided} me.|
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{Other than that|Apart from that|Besides that|Aside from that},
{fantastic|wonderful|great|excellent} {blog|website|site}!|
{A person|Someone|Somebody} {necessarily|essentially}
{lend a hand|help|assist} to make {seriously|critically|significantly|severely}
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{This is|That is} the {first|very first} time I frequented your {web page|website page} and {to this point|so far|thus far|up
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{Great|Wonderful|Fantastic|Magnificent|Excellent} {task|process|activity|job}!|
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{Hello|Hi|Hello there|Hi there|Howdy|Good day|Hey there}!
{I just|I simply} {would like to|want to|wish to} {give you a|offer you a}
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{coming back to|returning to} {your blog|your site|your website|your web site} for more
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{understand|know|be aware of} it, Thanks a lot.|
{Hi|Hello} there, {I found|I discovered} your {blog|website|web site|site} {by means of|via|by the use of|by
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{I have|I've} bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
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your {blog|weblog} {thru|through|via} Google, {and found|and located} that {it is|it's} {really|truly} informative.
{I'm|I am} {gonna|going to} {watch out|be careful} for brussels.
{I will|I'll} {appreciate|be grateful} {if you|should you|when you|in the event you|in case you|for those who|if you
happen to} {continue|proceed} this {in future}. {A lot of|Lots
of|Many|Numerous} {other folks|folks|other people|people} {will
be|shall be|might be|will probably be|can be|will
likely be} benefited {from your|out of your} writing.
Cheers!|
{I am|I'm} curious to find out what blog {system|platform} {you have been|you happen to be|you are|you're} {working with|utilizing|using}?
I'm {experiencing|having} some {minor|small} security {problems|issues}
with my latest {site|website|blog} and {I would|I'd}
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Do you have any {solutions|suggestions|recommendations}?|
{I am|I'm} {extremely|really} impressed with your writing skills {and also|as
well as} with the layout on your {blog|weblog}. Is this a paid theme
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writing, {it's|it is} rare to see a {nice|great} blog like this one
{these days|nowadays|today}.|
{I am|I'm} {extremely|really} {inspired|impressed} {with your|together with your|along with your} writing {talents|skills|abilities} {and also|as
{smartly|well|neatly} as} with the {layout|format|structure} {for your|on your|in your|to your} {blog|weblog}.
{Is this|Is that this} a paid {subject|topic|subject matter|theme} or did you {customize|modify} it {yourself|your self}?
{Either way|Anyway} {stay|keep} up the {nice|excellent} {quality|high quality} writing, {it's|it is} {rare|uncommon} {to peer|to
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{Hi|Hello}, Neat post. {There is|There's} {a problem|an issue} {with your|together with your|along with your} {site|web
site|website} in {internet|web} explorer, {may|might|could|would} {check|test} this?
IE {still|nonetheless} is the {marketplace|market} {leader|chief}
and {a large|a good|a big|a huge} {part of|section of|component to|portion of|component of|element of} {other
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{due to|because of} this problem.|
{I'm|I am} not sure where {you are|you're} getting your {info|information}, but {good|great} topic.
I needs to spend some time learning {more|much more} or understanding more.
Thanks for {great|wonderful|fantastic|magnificent|excellent} {information|info} I
was looking for this {information|info} for my mission.|
{Hi|Hello}, i think that i saw you visited my {blog|weblog|website|web site|site} {so|thus} i came
to “return the favor”.{I am|I'm} {trying to|attempting to} find things to {improve|enhance} my {website|site|web site}!I suppose its ok to use {some
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